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1   /*
2    * Copyright 2012 The Netty Project
3    *
4    * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
5    * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
6    * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
7    *
8    *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
9    *
10   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
12   * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
13   * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
14   * under the License.
15   */
16  package org.jboss.netty.channel;
17  
18  import org.jboss.netty.bootstrap.Bootstrap;
19  import org.jboss.netty.channel.group.ChannelGroup;
20  
21  import java.lang.annotation.Documented;
22  import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
23  import java.lang.annotation.Inherited;
24  import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
25  import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
26  import java.lang.annotation.Target;
27  
28  /**
29   * Handles or intercepts a {@link ChannelEvent}, and sends a
30   * {@link ChannelEvent} to the next handler in a {@link ChannelPipeline}.
31   *
32   * <h3>Sub-types</h3>
33   * <p>
34   * {@link ChannelHandler} itself does not provide any method.  To handle a
35   * {@link ChannelEvent} you need to implement its sub-interfaces.  There are
36   * two sub-interfaces which handles a received event, one for upstream events
37   * and the other for downstream events:
38   * <ul>
39   * <li>{@link ChannelUpstreamHandler} handles and intercepts an upstream {@link ChannelEvent}.</li>
40   * <li>{@link ChannelDownstreamHandler} handles and intercepts a downstream {@link ChannelEvent}.</li>
41   * </ul>
42   *
43   * You will also find more detailed explanation from the documentation of
44   * each sub-interface on how an event is interpreted when it goes upstream and
45   * downstream respectively.
46   *
47   * <h3>The context object</h3>
48   * <p>
49   * A {@link ChannelHandler} is provided with a {@link ChannelHandlerContext}
50   * object.  A {@link ChannelHandler} is supposed to interact with the
51   * {@link ChannelPipeline} it belongs to via a context object.  Using the
52   * context object, the {@link ChannelHandler} can pass events upstream or
53   * downstream, modify the pipeline dynamically, or store the information
54   * (attachment) which is specific to the handler.
55   *
56   * <h3>State management</h3>
57   *
58   * A {@link ChannelHandler} often needs to store some stateful information.
59   * The simplest and recommended approach is to use member variables:
60   * <pre>
61   * public class DataServerHandler extends {@link SimpleChannelHandler} {
62   *
63   *     <b>private boolean loggedIn;</b>
64   *
65   *     {@code @Override}
66   *     public void messageReceived({@link ChannelHandlerContext} ctx, {@link MessageEvent} e) {
67   *         {@link Channel} ch = e.getChannel();
68   *         Object o = e.getMessage();
69   *         if (o instanceof LoginMessage) {
70   *             authenticate((LoginMessage) o);
71   *             <b>loggedIn = true;</b>
72   *         } else (o instanceof GetDataMessage) {
73   *             if (<b>loggedIn</b>) {
74   *                 ch.write(fetchSecret((GetDataMessage) o));
75   *             } else {
76   *                 fail();
77   *             }
78   *         }
79   *     }
80   *     ...
81   * }
82   * </pre>
83   * Because the handler instance has a state variable which is dedicated to
84   * one connection, you have to create a new handler instance for each new
85   * channel to avoid a race condition where a unauthenticated client can get
86   * the confidential information:
87   * <pre>
88   * // Create a new handler instance per channel.
89   * // See {@link Bootstrap#setPipelineFactory(ChannelPipelineFactory)}.
90   * public class DataServerPipelineFactory implements {@link ChannelPipelineFactory} {
91   *     public {@link ChannelPipeline} getPipeline() {
92   *         return {@link Channels}.pipeline(<b>new DataServerHandler()</b>);
93   *     }
94   * }
95   * </pre>
96   *
97   * <h4>Using an attachment</h4>
98   *
99   * Although it's recommended to use member variables to store the state of a
100  * handler, for some reason you might not want to create many handler instances.
101  * In such a case, you can use an <em>attachment</em> which is provided by
102  * {@link ChannelHandlerContext}:
103  * <pre>
104  * {@code @Sharable}
105  * public class DataServerHandler extends {@link SimpleChannelHandler} {
106  *
107  *     {@code @Override}
108  *     public void messageReceived({@link ChannelHandlerContext} ctx, {@link MessageEvent} e) {
109  *         {@link Channel} ch = e.getChannel();
110  *         Object o = e.getMessage();
111  *         if (o instanceof LoginMessage) {
112  *             authenticate((LoginMessage) o);
113  *             <b>ctx.setAttachment(true)</b>;
114  *         } else (o instanceof GetDataMessage) {
115  *             if (<b>Boolean.TRUE.equals(ctx.getAttachment())</b>) {
116  *                 ch.write(fetchSecret((GetDataMessage) o));
117  *             } else {
118  *                 fail();
119  *             }
120  *         }
121  *     }
122  *     ...
123  * }
124  * </pre>
125  * Now that the state of the handler is stored as an attachment, you can add the
126  * same handler instance to different pipelines:
127  * <pre>
128  * public class DataServerPipelineFactory implements {@link ChannelPipelineFactory} {
129  *
130  *     private static final DataServerHandler <b>SHARED</b> = new DataServerHandler();
131  *
132  *     public {@link ChannelPipeline} getPipeline() {
133  *         return {@link Channels}.pipeline(<b>SHARED</b>);
134  *     }
135  * }
136  * </pre>
137  *
138  * <h4>Using a {@link ChannelLocal}</h4>
139  *
140  * If you have a state variable which needs to be accessed either from other
141  * handlers or outside handlers, you can use {@link ChannelLocal}:
142  * <pre>
143  * public final class DataServerState {
144  *
145  *     <b>public static final {@link ChannelLocal}&lt;Boolean&gt; loggedIn = new {@link ChannelLocal}&lt;&gt;() {
146  *         protected Boolean initialValue(Channel channel) {
147  *             return false;
148  *         }
149  *     }</b>
150  *     ...
151  * }
152  *
153  * {@code @Sharable}
154  * public class DataServerHandler extends {@link SimpleChannelHandler} {
155  *
156  *     {@code @Override}
157  *     public void messageReceived({@link ChannelHandlerContext} ctx, {@link MessageEvent} e) {
158  *         Channel ch = e.getChannel();
159  *         Object o = e.getMessage();
160  *         if (o instanceof LoginMessage) {
161  *             authenticate((LoginMessage) o);
162  *             <b>DataServerState.loggedIn.set(ch, true);</b>
163  *         } else (o instanceof GetDataMessage) {
164  *             if (<b>DataServerState.loggedIn.get(ch)</b>) {
165  *                 ctx.getChannel().write(fetchSecret((GetDataMessage) o));
166  *             } else {
167  *                 fail();
168  *             }
169  *         }
170  *     }
171  *     ...
172  * }
173  *
174  * // Print the remote addresses of the authenticated clients:
175  * {@link ChannelGroup} allClientChannels = ...;
176  * for ({@link Channel} ch: allClientChannels) {
177  *     if (<b>DataServerState.loggedIn.get(ch)</b>) {
178  *         System.out.println(ch.getRemoteAddress());
179  *     }
180  * }
181  * </pre>
182  *
183  * <h4>The {@code @Sharable} annotation</h4>
184  * <p>
185  * In the examples above which used an attachment or a {@link ChannelLocal},
186  * you might have noticed the {@code @Sharable} annotation.
187  * <p>
188  * If a {@link ChannelHandler} is annotated with the {@code @Sharable}
189  * annotation, it means you can create an instance of the handler just once and
190  * add it to one or more {@link ChannelPipeline}s multiple times without
191  * a race condition.
192  * <p>
193  * If this annotation is not specified, you have to create a new handler
194  * instance every time you add it to a pipeline because it has unshared state
195  * such as member variables.
196  * <p>
197  * This annotation is provided for documentation purpose, just like
198  * <a href="http://www.javaconcurrencyinpractice.com/annotations/doc/">the JCIP annotations</a>.
199  *
200  * <h3>Additional resources worth reading</h3>
201  * <p>
202  * Please refer to the {@link ChannelEvent} and {@link ChannelPipeline} to find
203  * out what a upstream event and a downstream event are, what fundamental
204  * differences they have, and how they flow in a pipeline.
205  *
206  * @apiviz.landmark
207  * @apiviz.exclude ^org\.jboss\.netty\.handler\..*$
208  */
209 public interface ChannelHandler {
210 
211     /**
212      * Indicates that the same instance of the annotated {@link ChannelHandler}
213      * can be added to one or more {@link ChannelPipeline}s multiple times
214      * without a race condition.
215      * <p>
216      * If this annotation is not specified, you have to create a new handler
217      * instance every time you add it to a pipeline because it has unshared
218      * state such as member variables.
219      * <p>
220      * This annotation is provided for documentation purpose, just like
221      * <a href="http://www.javaconcurrencyinpractice.com/annotations/doc/">the JCIP annotations</a>.
222      */
223     @Inherited
224     @Documented
225     @Target(ElementType.TYPE)
226     @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
227     @interface Sharable {
228         // no value
229     }
230 }