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   /*
    * Copyright 2014 The Netty Project
    *
    * The Netty Project licenses this file to you under the Apache License,
    * version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at:
    *
    *   https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
   * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
   * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations
   * under the License.
   */
  package io.netty.handler.codec.compression;
  
  /**
   * An in-place, length restricted Canonical Huffman code length allocator.<br>
   * Based on the algorithm proposed by R. L. Milidi'u, A. A. Pessoa and E. S. Laber in
   * <a href="http://www-di.inf.puc-rio.br/~laber/public/spire98.ps">In-place Length-Restricted Prefix Coding</a>
   * and incorporating additional ideas from the implementation of
   * <a href="http://entropyware.info/shcodec/index.html">shcodec</a> by Simakov Alexander.
   */
  final class Bzip2HuffmanAllocator {
      /**
       * @param array The code length array
       * @param i The input position
       * @param nodesToMove The number of internal nodes to be relocated
       * @return The smallest {@code k} such that {@code nodesToMove <= k <= i} and
       *         {@code i <= (array[k] % array.length)}
       */
      private static int first(final int[] array, int i, final int nodesToMove) {
          final int length = array.length;
          final int limit = i;
          int k = array.length - 2;
  
          while (i >= nodesToMove && array[i] % length > limit) {
              k = i;
              i -= limit - i + 1;
          }
          i = Math.max(nodesToMove - 1, i);
  
          while (k > i + 1) {
              int temp = i + k >>> 1;
              if (array[temp] % length > limit) {
                  k = temp;
              } else {
                  i = temp;
              }
          }
          return k;
      }
  
      /**
       * Fills the code array with extended parent pointers.
       * @param array The code length array
       */
      private static void setExtendedParentPointers(final int[] array) {
          final int length = array.length;
          array[0] += array[1];
  
          for (int headNode = 0, tailNode = 1, topNode = 2; tailNode < length - 1; tailNode++) {
              int temp;
              if (topNode >= length || array[headNode] < array[topNode]) {
                  temp = array[headNode];
                  array[headNode++] = tailNode;
              } else {
                  temp = array[topNode++];
              }
  
              if (topNode >= length || (headNode < tailNode && array[headNode] < array[topNode])) {
                  temp += array[headNode];
                  array[headNode++] = tailNode + length;
              } else {
                  temp += array[topNode++];
              }
              array[tailNode] = temp;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Finds the number of nodes to relocate in order to achieve a given code length limit.
       * @param array The code length array
       * @param maximumLength The maximum bit length for the generated codes
       * @return The number of nodes to relocate
       */
      private static int findNodesToRelocate(final int[] array, final int maximumLength) {
          int currentNode = array.length - 2;
          for (int currentDepth = 1; currentDepth < maximumLength - 1 && currentNode > 1; currentDepth++) {
              currentNode =  first(array, currentNode - 1, 0);
          }
          return currentNode;
      }
  
      /**
       * A final allocation pass with no code length limit.
       * @param array The code length array
       */
     private static void allocateNodeLengths(final int[] array) {
         int firstNode = array.length - 2;
         int nextNode = array.length - 1;
 
         for (int currentDepth = 1, availableNodes = 2; availableNodes > 0; currentDepth++) {
             final int lastNode = firstNode;
             firstNode = first(array, lastNode - 1, 0);
 
             for (int i = availableNodes - (lastNode - firstNode); i > 0; i--) {
                 array[nextNode--] = currentDepth;
             }
 
             availableNodes = (lastNode - firstNode) << 1;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * A final allocation pass that relocates nodes in order to achieve a maximum code length limit.
      * @param array The code length array
      * @param nodesToMove The number of internal nodes to be relocated
      * @param insertDepth The depth at which to insert relocated nodes
      */
     private static void allocateNodeLengthsWithRelocation(final int[] array,
                                                            final int nodesToMove, final int insertDepth) {
         int firstNode = array.length - 2;
         int nextNode = array.length - 1;
         int currentDepth = insertDepth == 1 ? 2 : 1;
         int nodesLeftToMove = insertDepth == 1 ? nodesToMove - 2 : nodesToMove;
 
         for (int availableNodes = currentDepth << 1; availableNodes > 0; currentDepth++) {
             final int lastNode = firstNode;
             firstNode = firstNode <= nodesToMove ? firstNode : first(array, lastNode - 1, nodesToMove);
 
             int offset = 0;
             if (currentDepth >= insertDepth) {
                 offset = Math.min(nodesLeftToMove, 1 << (currentDepth - insertDepth));
             } else if (currentDepth == insertDepth - 1) {
                 offset = 1;
                 if (array[firstNode] == lastNode) {
                     firstNode++;
                 }
             }
 
             for (int i = availableNodes - (lastNode - firstNode + offset); i > 0; i--) {
                 array[nextNode--] = currentDepth;
             }
 
             nodesLeftToMove -= offset;
             availableNodes = (lastNode - firstNode + offset) << 1;
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Allocates Canonical Huffman code lengths in place based on a sorted frequency array.
      * @param array On input, a sorted array of symbol frequencies; On output, an array of Canonical
      *              Huffman code lengths
      * @param maximumLength The maximum code length. Must be at least {@code ceil(log2(array.length))}
      */
     static void allocateHuffmanCodeLengths(final int[] array, final int maximumLength) {
         switch (array.length) {
             case 2:
                 array[1] = 1;
                 // fall through
             case 1:
                 array[0] = 1;
                 return;
         }
 
         /* Pass 1 : Set extended parent pointers */
         setExtendedParentPointers(array);
 
         /* Pass 2 : Find number of nodes to relocate in order to achieve maximum code length */
         int nodesToRelocate = findNodesToRelocate(array, maximumLength);
 
         /* Pass 3 : Generate code lengths */
         if (array[0] % array.length >= nodesToRelocate) {
             allocateNodeLengths(array);
         } else {
             int insertDepth = maximumLength - (32 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(nodesToRelocate - 1));
             allocateNodeLengthsWithRelocation(array, nodesToRelocate, insertDepth);
         }
     }
 
     private Bzip2HuffmanAllocator() { }
 }